DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"> Compiling Bilingual and Multilingual Biomedical-Technical Dictionaries

Compiling Bilingual and Multilingual Biomedical Dictionaries

This article is about compiling a large (over twenty-one Megabytes in Excel) Multilingual Biomedical-Techncial-Psychological Dictionary & Thesaurus.   It includes terms, phrases & concepts from many fields: rehabilitation, epidemiology, genomics, hematology, immunology, internal medicine, neurology, oncology, biomedical, AIDS, ophthalmology, pathology, pharmaceutics, sociology, occupational therapy, anesthesiology, bacteriology, psychology, psychiatry, biotechnology, mood research, biology, dentistry, oncology, statistics, pulmonology, linguistics, and cardiology.   We have found that this work requires a painstaking, meticulous approach which is extremely demanding.


We chose the XLS format (Excel) for a several reasons: it is useful, widespread, quickly alphabetized, and printouts can be scaled to any size on the fly, and the two most-used CAT tools (Trados/SDLX and Wordfast) can easily import that particular format.
There are tens of thousands of biomedical, biotechnical and pharmaceutical glossaries online in dozens of languages. Some of those are reliable, accurate and carefully maintained. Many others are inaccurate, incomplete, or riddled with errors, misinformation and misspellings.
Our own unique database of terminology now lists (in each language) at least 36,175 words and phrases from many medical, technical and biomedical sources, and provides alternate translations from English into Spanish, Portuguese, French, Dutch, German, and/or Swedish. Includes terms on clinical trials, statistics, orthodontics, bionics, sociology, demographics & genetics, as well as thousands of hard-to-find medical phrases. Hundreds of terms from psychology and dozens of terms from veterinary medicine have been included.

In addition, there are many thousands of words and synonyms to describe attitudes, feelings, moods, manners, values and abstract concepts.

One cannot always find suitable translations of medical phrases or concepts by looking them up in English in a traditional bilingual medical dictionary.   Truly bilingual medical dictionaries are rather rare. I found it useful to look them up in monolingual dictionaries; in French, in German, in Spanish, or even in Latin.   Monolingual dictionaries always have more detailed definitions than bilingual dictionaries.  My web page has Links to over 2,110 free online biomedical glossaries and dictionaries in 23 languages. Many of them are monolingual, a few dozen are bilingual, and a handful are trilingual or multilingual medical glossaries online.*

The primary compiler of the bilingual and trilingual dictionary/thesaurus has been a translator and interpreter for 32 years. André's first full-time job as translator was at the British Embassy in the Netherlands, over 32 years ago. Later, he began to do more medical translations, from various languages into English. Nowadays, he is a biomedical terminologist. For the past seven years, André and his team have compiled a Multilingual Biomedical Dictionary, simultaneously adding terms in nine European languages (English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Dutch, Italian, German, Finnish and Swedish).

Literal, word-for-word translation of a term will very seldom give you the correct way of saying it in your target language. Many dictionaries give only one particular slant, or define a word only as it applies to one particular domain, or they omit the words you need altogether.

For such reasons, we found it necessary to approach biomedical and technical terminology from a different angle, to look them up in several different languages and to compare the results. Gaining insight into a medical term in one language, then discovering how the same concept is expressed in other languages, can give you new perspective or understanding of that term, as you will see from this biomedical dictionary/thesaurus.

Many dictionaries capitalize the first letter of each key word (or even worse, they put all of the key words in ALL UPPER CASE LETTERS).
The capitalization of every entry wipes out the needed distinction between proper names and common nouns. This is annoying and confusing, because in this manner, you cannot tell if the word is normally capitalized or not. For example, the distinctions between "Baker's cyst" (named after William Baker) and "bakers' asthma" (a medical condition of bread bakers) might easily be lost.
We used upper case letters only where they are required and appropriate, such as on German nouns, proper names in English, and in acronyms and abbreviations such as HBsAg or pH.

It has been difficult to find suitable Dutch-language equivalents for many of these terms. Why? Well, for one thing, Dutch scientists and medical professionals tend to use a lot of English terms and neologisms. Dutch language equivalents may or may not exist, but are seldom used. See thanks and acknowledgments, bottom of this page.
German medical terminology seems to offer an overabundance of terms not easily found in other languages. In many instances, German medical terms were not included in our dictionary/thesaurus for lack of equivalents in English and/or other languages. Quite often, German scientists seem to feel free to invent English medical words like "parathyrogenous" or "dyspotassemia" (=Dyskaliämie).
Another German multilingual medical dictionary translates "Linksdrehung" as "laevorotation" instead of the more standard word "counterclockwise".
Many German sources give DNA as an abbreviation for "Desoxyribonucleinsäure" but other sources prefer "DNS" (S for Säure).
In Portugal, medical terminology is quite different in many ways from standard Brazilian medical terminology. For example, "hormone" is "hormônio" in Brazil, but is spelled "hormona" in Portugal. Bandages are called atadura in Brazil but ligadura in Portugal. A band-aid is called "penso" in Portugal, or penso rápido. To undress or take off one's clothes is usuallly "tirar a roupa" in Brazil, but "despir-se" in Portugual. A bruise in Portugal is called "nódoa negra" but in Brazil it is called "a equimose", "pisadura" or "mancha rocha". AIDS in Portugal is "SIDA" but in Brazil it is always called AIDS. Oxygen is "oxygênio" in Brazil, but is "oxigénio" in Portugal.
Interferon is "interferão or interferona" in Portugal, but is spelled "interferon" in Brazil. They use "controlo" in Portugal, but "controle" in Brazil. "Electrons" in Portugal is "electrões" but in Brazil they're "electrões". "Fatty acid" is called "ácido gordo" in Portugal but is called "ácido graxo" in Brazil. I could list a dozen other examples, but you get the picture, right?
We have included only Brazilian usage, and have excluded almost all words and spellings used mostly in Portugal.

English in the UK, Spanish in Spain, Mexico or Chile, or French in Canada, Belgium or Switzerland have idiomatic expressions and different spellings compared to other variants of those languages. This makes it harder to Google for such words.
Our dictionary uses simple Ctrl-F or Find to search for what you're looking for.
Spelling variants in English and other languages can lead to frustration: you might find "oxidized","oxidised", "oxydized", or "oxydised" in English, while in French you will find "oxydée", "oxydé", "oxydées", and "oxydés". In my dictionary, you can get good and diverse results by searching for parts of words.
For example, searching for "catastr" with show you phrases which include the words "catastrophic", "catastrophe" "catastrófica", or "catastrófico". Find any parts of words: searching for "infeccios" will find both "infecciosa" and "infeccioso".

We often see odd so-called medical terms in various online bilingual dictionaries. But upon cross-referencing, such terms might appear to exist only in that one source: one example that comes to mind is the word "cardiomuscular" which supposedly in Finnish language is "sydämen lihakseen liittyvä". However we were unable to corroborate the existance of this term (and many thousands of others also). Another example: "embryotroph": Seems obscure. So coinages and obscure terms like these one are often not included. Another example: Le Grand Dictionnaire Terminologique, an excellent resource in general, often includes terms I have been unable to corroborate from other reputable sources. One of these was "vaccination frontalière" or frontier vaccination, which we could not find anywhere else.

Endless variants of the spellings of proper names abound and confuse: should we write "Marinescu-Sjögren" or, as some have written, "Marinesco-Sjogren"? Perhaps you would prefer to call it the "Marinesco-Garland" syndrome?
Sometimes proper names are anglicized: the "von" is often dropped from German surnames or the "van" from Dutch surnames: (von Klitzing, von Hippel-Lindau; van Ritter, von Rittershain, von Recklinghausen, von Jaksch, von Gierke, van Bogaert, etc.).

With regards to Googling, we discovered something that might help you surf the Internet: there are different versions of the Google search engine in different countries:

1 http://www.google.com - USA         2 www.google.com.ru - Russia       3 www.google.it - Italy
4 www.google.nl - the Netherlands               5 http://www.google.de Germany
6 www.google.com.br - Brazil                       7 www.google.ca - Canada
8 www.google.co.uk - United Kingdom       9 http://www.google.fr - France
10 http://www.google.com.ar Argentina     11 http://www.google.be Belgium

There is a complete and comprehensive listing of all the Googles that exist in the world at http://www.google.com/language_tools
Google's excellent Language Tools (www.google.com/language_tools) allow users to search specific languages or countries. It even offers an online translator that translates into and out of six European languages.

The Dutch language used in Belgium (called Flemish) has many differences in syntax and vocabulary from the Dutch used in the Netherlands.   Even within the Netherlands, there are dialects and languages like Frisian. Having worked as full-time translator for the British Embassy in The Hague, Holland for several years, André is familiar with British English and with the Dutch of Holland. 
But this is an American database that includes European languages. Most of our sources are American, not European. Thus, we have excluded most British spellings (haemoglobin, paediatrics, hypoglycaemic; ischaemic; gynaecology, haemorrohoidal, anaemia, diarrhoea, labour, oesophagus, etc.) and Britishisms (groundnuts, trolley) from the multilingual biomedical dictionary/thesaurus.
You won't find any Eurojargon here, nor lists of treties, accords, protocols and commission.

It was necessary to cross-check each term in at least four or five of the nine languages included in this painstakingly detailed medical dictionary/thesaurus. We are constantly faced with perplexing questions: for example, is "meiotic breakdown" the same thing as "meiotic nondisjunction"?  Is “thready pulse” the same as “wiry pulse”? Often two terms turned out to have the same meaning, so we ended up putting them together as one entry: In this manner we discovered that "Dressler's syndrome" and "postmyocardial infarction syndrome" are the same thing.
Some obscure words in English (e.g. "effraction" were excluded because of their ambiguity or for want of consistent usage.
In stark contrast to its English homonym, the French word "effraction" means breaking in, or burglary!
In many instances, similar entries were duplicated and modified to show up in two or three different parts of the alphabetical listing: for example, entries for "retinitis pigmentosa" are found under "retinopathy", "tapetoretinal" and "pigmentary degeneration". Likewise, the entry for "airway hyperresponsiveness"or "bronchial hyperreactivity" is found under B for bronchial and is duplicated under H for hyperresponsiveness.
In other instances, it pays to use your Ctrl-F find: "keyhole surgery" is mentioned twice: once under "minimally invasive surgical procedure" and again under "laparoscopic surgery". Likewise, "aseptic meningitis" is duplicated, with 2 nearly identical listings, one under "aseptic" and the other under "meningitis". Such duplications represent less than 1% of the total dictionary content.
Löffler's syndrome is the same thing as eosinophilic leukemia, or hypereosinophilic syndrome.

Medicinal herbs and remedies used in Mexico may have different names in other countries, or they may be entirely unknown outside of Mexico.
There is staggering ambiguity and a lot of confusion surrounding medical terminology. Medical translators in mailing lists spend a lot of time and energy debating terms, spelling and preferred usage of a million medical terms. In one Spanish list for medical translators, over a dozen messages were posted in a discussion of the proper spelling of the Spanish word for “ubiquitin” - i.e., whether it should be spelled “ubiquitina” or “ubicuitina” in Spanish (similarly, citoquinas" vs. "citocinas) - we include both spellings in this biomedical dictionary/thesaurus.
I found that "tympanitis" means an inner ear infection in several languages, but le Grand Dictionnaire Terminologique translates it into French as "le tympanisme" and gives this definition: État de l'abdomen où l'intestin est distendu par des gaz. A totally different interpretation.

In an English-language source, I read that "Chaussier's sign" is a severe pain in the epigastrium, a prodrome of eclampsia.
But then in German, the Roche Lexikon tells me something entirely different: "Chaussier Zeichen: das gurgelndes Auskultationsgeräusch über einem Hydropneumothorax". So which one is correct? There are endless and ongoing disagreements among linguists and translators of each language as to correct spelling and orthography of terms. In French, should you write "cardio-vasculaire" or "cardiovasculaire"? "neuro-musculaire" or "neuromusculaire"? To the extent possible, we don't take sides in these debates. We try to include most widely accepted variants.

We have received opinions and information from many translators in 4 or 5 countries by personal emails and by subscribing to medical translators' mailing lists and by reading hundreds of emails each week to and from them. Most of those translators have medical degrees, and a few of them have published medical textbooks or dictionaries of their own.

Many hundreds of medical terms were not included if we were unable to find and verify consistent equivalents for them in at least four languages. ExampleS: "Lemierre's syndrome" or, in French, "syndrome de Lemierre". we could not find this term in any languages other than French and English. Another medical term, "cardiobulbar syndrome" we found in four languages, but only in one European source, and it could not be corroborated in other sources from other countries. A few terms (such as "cosmesis" and orbito-thalamencephalic angiomatosis) we chose to skip because they seemed obscure and hard to verify.
In many instances we have avoided including diseases or procedures which translate in a boring, monotonous and predictable manner, like this:
“Brodie's disease; la enfermedad de Brodie; a doença de Brodie; la maladie de Brodie; de ziekte van Brodie; die Brodie Krankheit”.  This tells the reader very little about this ailment. It tells you only that the illness was named after Brodie.
Nevertheless, for the purpose of SEARCHING or Googling on a disease, these names are quite useful, since often the hits using that name will lead to other ways of naming that condition.
For example, if you search on "Schlichter test" you will find that it is another way of referring to a serum bactericidal test: a method of measuring the bactericidal activity in a patient's serum.

In our dictionary, you won't find any of those confusing entries (where nouns are followed by too many commas and adjectives) like: "genes, suppressor, tumor", "rhinitis, allergic, perennial" or "hematoma, subdural, acute" and "arthroplasty, replacement, hip".
For the most part, word prefixes and suffixes have not been included as separate entries.
Very few place names (except for Chernobyl) or biographical references have been included.

Who Named it? from Aaron's sign and Aarskog's syndrome to Zuelzer’s syndrome and Zumbusch’s syndrome. Whonamedit.com is a biographical dictionary of such medical eponyms.

A few.... but very few slang words have been included in this medical dictionary: words like "crackhead" and "pill popper" which can have a medical context.
Certain words and expressions which are not remotely medical have been included because, to a learner of English they might appear to be medical: for example, "gut feeling"; "heartache"; "to doctor the books"; "medicine ball", etc.

There were thousands of biomedical terms we came across but could not include in this dictionary/thesaurus because we were unable to verify, cross-check or authenticate in each of the seven languages included here.
In some cases, we chose to include a legitimate term but leave it blank in several languages until such time as a source is found for that term in that language. So you will find a few gaps, or lacunae.

Sometimes we have to reject seemingly good entries for the same exact reason: we could not corroborate them in other sources nor from other countries. For example:
antiretentional diet?? el régimen depletivo?? a dieta anti-retencional le régime déplétif het antiretentions-dieet der Antiretentional-Diät
Sources we have consulted include a lot of non sequiturs. For example, if we search through all the entries beginning with microbial in 4 different bilingual/trilingual sources, we might find hundreds of phrases, but perhaps only 15% or 20% of them can be directly correlated to each other.
If you know of medical terms that you feel should be included, please submit them in any language.
One of our sources was Eurodicautom, which contained MANY mistakes and errors in every language it lists. We have been very careful to double check, corroborate and cross-check every word or phrase from such unreliable, error-ridden sources. EVen after it became, IATA, many egregious mistakes persisted.
Here are two examples chosen from thouands of vague medical entries from Eurodicautom/Iate which we had to reject (out of tens of thousands of rejects) because we could not confirm, amplify nor corroborate these phrases by any other sources:

English: cerebellospinal tract system
Spanish: el sistema ascendente cerebelospinal
French: le systeme ascendant vermien du cervelat
Dutch: fasciculus cerebellospinalis; de tractus spinocerebellaris dorsalis; de kleine hersenzijstreng
Portuguese: o sistema vérmico ascendente do cerebelo
German: Kleinhirnseitenstrangsystem

Reclus-Mocquot's operation
l'opération de Reclus-Mocquot; l'opération de Reclus et Mocquot
la operación de Reclus
a operação de Reclus-Mocquot


 In Google, my searches for "sistema vérmico ascendente" and for "système ascendant vermien du cervelat", and for "cerebellospinal tract system" did not match any documents. Not one hit.

Please see the trilingual and multilingual samples of our dictionary online
at www.geocities.yahoo.com.br/multilingual6/espamostra.html and at  http://www.geocities.com/multilingual6/engl-french-germ.html

There are LARGE four-language and 8-language samples online at http://www.geocities.com/med_dictionary/muestra4iepf.xls in Excel format, taken from the January 2006 version.
See also the biggest and more recently updated online samples, including
http://www.geocities.com/med_dictionary/GrandeAmostra.xls
and the largest and most recent Excel sample at http://us.share.geocities.com/med_dictionary/8-taal_sample.xls
or http://www.geocities.com/med_dictionary/8-taal_sample.xls

Sometimes, names of pharmaceutical products were excluded because they are too new and we could not find names for them in other languages, like "esomeprazole magnesium"  (Nexium). For English-only definitions of thousands of such new terms and new products, see http://mtdesk.com/alpha.shtml and http://mtdesk.com/alpha2.shtml . Thanks to the Andrews School of Medical Transcription for that excellent glossary and index.

SOURCES:
At one time or another, we have consulted nearly one-fifth of the 2,020 biomedical glossaries, dictionaries and resources listed on medical resources page http://www.interfold.com/translator/medsites.htm - This page is a free, online listing of medical dictionaries and glossaries that translators may need. Es gratuito. It's free.

Specifically, we check and cross-reference every entry in each language using these resources among many others:
For French and English: Le Grand Dictionnaire Terminologue ;

For Spanish, French, Portuguese, Dutch, German and English: Eurodicautom (unreliable and often inaccurate)

For French and English: Oxford Hachette French Dictionary
For German medical technical terminology: medwell24.at
For German and English: linguadict: Das große Online-Wörterbuch

For Dutch, English & other languages: VADA Gezondheid en Ziekte, www.vada.nl

For Swedish: http://mesh.kib.ki.se/swemesh/swebrowse.cfm Karolinska Institutet's University Library (it's excellent) and The Swedish Schoolnet at http://lexikon.nada.kth.se/cgi-bin/swe-eng
and AstraZeneca Medicinsk Ordbok at http://www.smarta.nu/ordbok/default.asp

For Portuguese: O Novo Aurélio - O Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa
and DeCS Health Sciences Descriptors at http://decs.bvs.br/cgi-bin/wxis1660.exe/decsserver
Michaelis Dicionário Prático inglês-português, published by Melhoramentos in Brazil

For Spanish and English:
 1. Diccionario de Medicina Oceano Mosby - versión en espańol
2. Diccionario Mosby de Medicina inglés-español, español-inglés (from Elsevier Science)
3. Diccionario de Medicina de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Navarra ISBN: 84-239-9079-6, 1,274 pages

For medical terms in plain English: Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged; A Mirriam-Webster, G & C Merriam Company

For medical terms in Finnish,we consulted the web site http://www.oulu.fi/kielikeskus/medic from the Finnish team of Ari Hepoaho, Matti Karjalainen, Aili Starobinets & Miia Tikkala.


Another Finnish dictionary we consulted was FinnPlace, by Jarno Tarkoma (from Tilaa Collection1001, digitaalinen kirjasto ja sanakirja).

The Harper Collins Illustrated Medical Dictionary, and last but not least, in English: Barron's Dictionary of Medical Terms for the nonmedical person, fourth edition, copyright 2000 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc.

One thing we would like to point out is that the number of ENTRIES does not indicate the number of medical words in each language, since many entries have synonyms, definitions, and related concepts all listed under one entry.  Bilingual and trilingual editions of this medical dictionary/thesaurus now contain over 36,175 entries (only 18,110 in Italian), but the word count for all nine languages combined is over 209,000 words, not counting the articles, like “el, la, le, die, der, das”.
The size and scope of this dictionary have doubled since 2004. If you print out any trilingual subset of the dictionary at 105% size in Excel, it's over 2,950 8½"by11" or A4 pages. White background is recommended for printing. Screen versions have pastel-colored backgrounds in several columns, so it's easier to determine at a glance which language you're looking at. Any 5-language subset of this dictionary can be printed out landscape at 105% size in Excel, and it would be about 4,000 pages of long, 8½" by 14" sheets, landscape. Printing seven or eight languages across on every page is not recommended and not practical unless your printer can handle 11"X17" pages. Notations such as (noun) or (adjective) are used only as needed to avoid ambiguity. Characters æ and œ are not used in this dictionary, but å is used for Swedish entries.
If you want a dictionary with longer, more detailed definitions of each term, you will need to find a monolingual (English-only) medical dictionary.

See online samples.


Nota Bene: Any question regarding a medical diagnosis, treatment, referral, drug availability or pricing should be directed to either a licensed physician or to the manufacturer of a particular pharmaceutical product.
This large Biomedical-Technical Dictionary keeps growing and getting better... The original Excel version of the nine-language the dictionary is now over 21½ Megabytes in size.
Language and spelling variants are as follows: American English rather than British; Brazilian Portuguese rather than that of Portugal;Latin American Spanish (usually) in addition to the usage of Spain. French equivalents from both Quebec and France are often included.
 
Mailing lists for medical translators can also be helpful if you are a translator looking for a medical term you need to have properly translated, or for which you need a better translation.  Specifically, we would like the thank the translator-members of the mailing list groups.yahoo.com/group/medical_translation  and the member-subscribers of the Spanish medical translators mailing list medtrad@yahoogrupos.com.mx for their valuable input, ideas, disputes and opinions.

On a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being purely a monk's labor of love & dedication, and 10 being an entirely commercial endeavor, this project is about a "3½". 

André Fairchild, translator & interpreter - email translator@interfold.com

English, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, German & French
Denver, Colorado USA
2,110 online medical resources: www.interfold.com/translator/medsites.htm
 

This web page was last updated in July, 2009

Now that this dictionary/thesaurus has become a respectable reality; now that a dozen bilingual doctors and translators have seen it, critiqued it, edited it and (a few) helped to improve it, we seem to have gained the respect of fellow translators and of medical doctors. Nobody is sneering now that it has become the best and most comprehensive and up-to-date multilingual medical dictionary in the world. Over the past three years, the medical dictionary/thesaurus has been continually expanded, augmented, corrected and improved, although some additional proofreading and correction of noun-gender errors is still needed in Dutch, German & Swedish.
It is now a large, unique & still-growing database of biomedical terminology in 9 languages.
In addition, we have a huge, diverse, and very incomplete set of glossaries of "not yet included" terminology which are available along with purchase of any subset. These are approx. 50,000 terms which are not yet corrobrated or verified, or are duplicated, or were rejected because equivalents in our language sets were not (yet) found. These glossaries of "excluded or not yet included" items are mostly in English, German, Swedish and Dutch. Very little Spanish or Portuguese is included in this particular subset.


Buy a subset of this database...


We could use a French & English-speaking bilingual or trilingual medical doctor/translator to do some final editing and proofreading of the French content. We may need Spanish-and-Portuguese-speaking bilingual medical doctors to edit, correct, refine and proofread the Spanish and Portuguese content.
We are adding Finnish and Swedish languages. In fact, 98% of the entries already have equivalents in the Swedish language column. Compare this with the 99.8% or better in each of the other languages.
The English-Swedish subset has over 35,575 entries.
Only 44% of the entries in the main biomedical database already have rough Finnish equivalents. Only 49% of the entries in the main biomedical database already have rough Italian equivalents.
(Finnish and Italian sections still need a lot of work!)
Of course, it will take long time and a lot of dedicated work to research, refine, input and correct these tens of thousands of Finnish, Italian, and Swedish language entries.


Click here for a table with details of pricing and languages.



Challenges for Translators?
Translators get plenty enough challenges in their daily work! So André no longer includes any "fill-in-the-blanks" query here for translators. But if you really do want a translation challenge, André will be happy send you a file with many of the missing or debatable terms in the language pair of your choice.

CONTRIBUTORS

We would like to thank those few contributors among the members of mailing list http://groups.yahoo.com/group/medical_translation, many of whom have helped by giving tips, input or pertinent information about medical terms in various languages. Specifically, I would like to express my appreciation to the following members of that list: Dr. Luis Manuel Pestana; Mr. Guy Penet; Ms. Lucia Singer; Mr. Owen Beith; Mr. Albert Beijering; Manfred Winter of Vancouver, Canada; Ms. Aline Reid, Ms. Marla J.F. O'Neill; Ms. Ursula Vielkind; Ms. Mary Cassidy in Italy, and Folke Nettelblad.
Thanks to the translator/members of mailing list medical_translation@yahoogroups.com who have helped me.
I especially want to thank translators Susanne Guirakhoo and Bridget Catterall for their help, support and inspiration.
 For her excellent help and feedback on medical terms in both French and Dutch, I offer my heartfelt thanks to Jorinde Brokke, a talented trilingual translator in France.
For help with medical terms in Portuguese, I would like to thank Nicole S.L. Grosso and Mirtes Pinheiro, professional translators in Brazil.
For her help with Portuguese terms, I would also like to thank Helena Mader, a multilingual professional translator in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
My gratitude goes to Dayse Batista for her excellent help with Portuguese.
Thanks to Ari Pirkola, PhD, of Helsinki for his help with Finnish language entries.
For excellent and timely help with German technical and medical terms, a heartfelt Dankeschön to Emilia Janne Jeito (Janne Hanke), a skilled and knowledgeable trilingual translator in Germany.
For her timely and much-needed help with German, my thanks to Ursula Vielkind.
Thanks for corrections and advice from Dr. Yuki Ando of of San Mateo County, California.
Thanks also to Dr. Robert S. McCombs of Philadelphia for information and inspiration.
For his help with Dutch language medical terms, I want to extend my thanks to Dr. Hans van Beek of Oldenzaal, in the Netherlands, and thanks to the late Maarten de Bruijn, a skilled medical Dutch-English translator.
Most of the other Dutch-language translators have been stingy with suggestions and reluctant to help.
Thanks to Dr. Betty Hopper of Bremerton, Washington, for help with psychology and psychiatric terminology.
Agradezco también al Dr. Leopoldo Asúnsolo de Denver.
Finally, Thanks and appreciation to Mary Patton, a microbiologist in Mississippi, for her valuable input and support.

Forgive me if I have forgotten anyone; your help has been most invaluable, and I want to repay all of you by offering my help in return to each of you. As they say in Spanish, "estoy a sus ordenes"; I'm at your service. Tack. Gracias. Merci! Obrigado.. Grazie! Thank you!



This web page http://www.interfold.com/translator is updated every week. Most recent update:
July, 2009.

The English-Swedish subset of our multilingual biomedical dictionary database currently includes over 35,680 entries in rough draft.

Page principal d'André Fairchild